Thickness transitions and ply drops

Loads should transfer through gradual, staggered thickness changes rather than abrupt steps or coincident terminations.

In simple terms

Loads should transfer through gradual, staggered thickness changes rather than abrupt steps or coincident terminations.

Tapers, pad-ups, run-outs and sandwich transitions.

Spacing and taper are load-, material- and qualification-specific.

Wing skins, blades, beams and local reinforcements.

Related tools

Use the calculators to turn these concepts into preliminary engineering estimates.