Drilling, countersinking and backing

Entry and exit forces can separate plies; backing, point geometry and controlled thrust reduce breakout and delamination.

In simple terms

Entry and exit forces can separate plies; backing, point geometry and controlled thrust reduce breakout and delamination.

Fastener holes, inserts and countersunk joints.

Progressive drilling is not universal; the approved sequence must preserve roundness and fibre support.

Bolted joints, sandwich hard points and repairs.

Related tools

Use the calculators to turn these concepts into preliminary engineering estimates.